Pre-Algebra Worksheets Powers of 10

The Bible And The New Testament - 1507 Words

The Bible – from Genesis to Revelation The Bible is one book that has one grand author. It was written by humans over a period of approximately 2000 years. It is comprised of 66 different books, all with one main theme, that everlasting life comes through one’s faith in God and by obeying God’s rules. This theme is the central part of all 66 books, from Genesis to Revelation. (Sostre 2015) The Bible is divided into two main sections; the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament begins with Genesis and the New Testament ends with Revelation. In order to understand the Bible, it is important to translate it into something that is easy to comprehend and understand. Because there are so many stories and different versions that are associated with the Bible, it is best to take it piece-by-piece and apply the teachings to your own life. To give a brief overview, it is important to understand the difference between the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is the first of two major pieces of the Christian Bible. In the Old Testament, one will find the sacred writings from the Jews. (Sostre 2015)The first story of Genesis begins with God creating the heavens and earth, creatures of the earth, and man. He began with creating Adam. He did this by forming man from the dust of the earth. God did not want Adam to be alone, so he gave Adam a companion (a woman) who was formed from the rib of Adam. The woman was named Eve. God gave Adam and Eve a beautifulShow MoreRelatedThe Bible : The Testament And The New Testament 1425 Words   |  6 Pages The Bible is a collection of stories and teachings made up of two parts, the Old Testament and the New Testament, as well as the Pentateuch or the first five books of the Bible. The Pentateuch and Old Testament follow the days of creation, the stories of Moses, and all that happened before Jesus was born. The New Testament follows the life, teachings, and death of Jesus. Before the Bible was written around 3000 years ago, it was told through narratives, poetry, and songs. Much like fairytales, whichRead MoreThe New Testament Of The Bible985 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bible is the (Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth) to all who believes and followers of Christ Jesus. The Bible is consisted of sixty-six books written by nearly forty authors. In the Old Testament there are thirty-nine books and twenty-seven in the New Testament. The New Testament is the second half of God’s truth and instructions for the believers. The canonization process for th e New Testament is easier to trace, even though some questions cannot be fully answered. The Pauline EpistlesRead MoreGood News Bible : The Testament And The New Testament1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"Bible† is an interesting one as it potentially encompasses many different entities. There are thousands of versions of the Bible, many arranged and presented in a variety of ways. They vary physically in content, and as I recently discovered aren t necessarily Christian. Below I delve into a rather interesting version of the book published in 1976 by HarperCollins (in conjunction with the American Bible Society). Good News Bible is a compilation of the Old Testament and the New TestamentRead MoreThe Bible : The Old And New Testaments2631 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction When it comes to themes that span the whole Bible, there are none nearly as prominent as covenant. Apart from anything else, its importance is seen in the designation we give to the two parts of the Christian Bible – the Old and New testaments, or covenants. The word itself occurs over 300 times in English translations of the Bible. Beyond the use of words, the biblical story itself can be seen as a series of covenants that God makes and renews with his people, binding him and themRead MoreNew Testament Bible Dictionary Project775 Words   |  3 PagesBOOK: Revelation This is the final book of The Bible known as Revelations and John the apostle (Author) writes descriptive symbolic language by explaining what he heard and saw (Hindson Towns, 2013). Written in AD 95 this book covers 3 literary genres: epistolary (letters), apocalyptic and prophetic. John mostly used apocalyptic writings encompassing the wide use of symbolism, visions and extreme events. Mostly referred to as â€Å"The Apocalypse†, meaning, â€Å"the unveiling† is identified by the predictionRead MoreThe King James Bible : Old And New Testament1637 Words   |  7 Pages The King James Bible (Old and New Testament) 13) The Creation of the World; the Garden of Eden; Adam and Eve; Original Sin; the Fall The beginning of the Old Testament starts by explaining how God created everything within seven days. He creates night and day, the sky and the ocean, vegetation, the stars, sun and moon, sea creatures, land creatures, and for the seventh day he rests. The Garden of Eden was the paradise where man once lived until Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit thus creatingRead MoreThe Book I Chose From The New Testament Is Men Of The Bible Essay780 Words   |  4 Pagesthought he was persecution the ungodly who came to realize that he was persecuting the wrong people. He was blinded and his sight was restored when he began obedient to the God of all creation. The title of the book I chose from the New Testament is Men of the Bible, the authorship Ann Spangler and Robert Wolgemuth are the authors. 2002 is the date of the books’ copywrite and it was published by Zondervan in Grand Rapids, Michigan. This book offers a one year devotional study for all those who wishRead MoreSymbolism Between C.S. Lewis ´ The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe and The New Testament in the Bible1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe symbolism between C.S. Lewis’ The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, the fourth book in The Chronicles of Narnia, and the New Testament in the Bible, particularly the account of Jesus’ death is not merely coincidental because The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is, in fact, an allegory. An allegory is a story with morals in which characters, plots and settings are used as symbols. The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, by C.S. Lewis is rich with Christian symbolism even though the allegoricalRead MoreHistory of the Bible Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesCanonization of the Bible The process by which the English Bible, as it is known to the English culture today, was compiled is an extraordinary thing to see. The Bible consists of two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The process by which both Testaments were written and then canonized into one book transpired over a period of many years. Once the canonization of the Bible officially came to an end, it was translated into English. Since then, many versions of the modern Bible have been madeRead MoreJewish And Christian Sacred Text1001 Words   |  5 Pagestheir opinions on sacred text. Jewish people and Christians both have sacred text; however, Christians believe that the Bible is meant to be read as a text as a whole. Christians have the Holy Bible and Jews have what is known as the Tanakh. In relation to the Christian Bible, the Tanakh is only the Old Testament, while the Holy Bible is both the Old Testament and the New Testament. This means that stories like Creation, Original Sin, and Ten Commandments are the same for both religions. While the

Data Security and Privacy in Wireless Body

Question: Describe about the Data Security and Privacy in Wireless Body? Answer: 1: The legal issue in the said case is of violation of privacy law, which is breached by an ex-employee working in a hospital who in an unauthorised manner collected PHI from 1000 patients which is considered to be confidential information. Medical records are protected under the federal laws made on privacy by the Heath Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 1996 (HIPAA) (Li, Lou Ren, 2010). Therefore in the said case ex-employee Terry is alleged to have violated the privacy laws under HIPAA and the hospital is entitled to sue him. 2: There are many provisions in the United States legislation to protect privacy laws, which is breached, in the present case. Therefore You facility in its investigation should fist find out whether Terry has used the confidential information in a way that would harm the facility and then decide under which law they need to file a lawsuit against Terry. You facility has three available grounds to select one for suing Terry which are privacy tort, appropriation of someones name or reputation and publication of confidential information (McGraw, 2013). 3: In the present case, after You Facility was intimated by their employee Sean of the violation of privacy law that was committed by Terry, the You Facility was eligible to sue Terry for violation of privacy law under Heath Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 1996 (Rumrill, 2010). You Facility had to prove is that there was public disclosure of confidential facts, the same was offensive to a practical person and the disclosed fact was not a valid new material. Reference List Li, M., Lou, W., Ren, K. (2010). Data security and privacy in wireless body area networks.Wireless Communications, IEEE,17(1), 51-58. McGraw, D. (2013). Building public trust in uses of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act de-identified data.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,20(1), 29-34. Rumrill, P. D. (2010).Employment issues and multiple sclerosis. ReadHowYouWant. com.

Memory Essays (1110 words) - Memory, Mental Processes,

Memory Improvement Memory is defined as the accuracy and ease with which a person can retain and recall past experiences (Webster`s Dictionary, pg. 611). It is often thought of as a capacity, such as a cup, that could be full or empty. A more common comparison is one to a computer. Some minds, like computers, can have more software, being able to save and recall more experiences, information, and memories than others can. And like a computer, minds can be upgraded. This is not done with a simple installation of a chip, but by following a number of small procedures that will enhance and sharpen a memory. As people age, many people believe that the loss of memory is inevitable. Once people go over a certain age, they begin to lose their memory and will be thought of as old and forgetful. People who forget things often complain about a bad memory, but in most of these cases these people never took the time to learn whatever they thought they could remember. Most scientists believe there is no such thing as a good or bad memory, only good and bad learners. Depending on the amount of attention a person gives something depends on how well a person will remember that fact or event (Reich, pg. 396). Beginning at the age of 50, people of similar ages begin to differ more and more from one another in their mental performance. Some memories drop noticeably, but many stay the same or even rise. Most investigators agree that no mental decline occurs before the age of 65 or 70 that affects a person`s ability to function in the real world (Schrof, pg. 89). In many societies still today, such as in China, elders are considered the wisest and are very well respected. There are two types of memories, long and short term. Anything remembered under 30 seconds is considered short-term memory, and anything after that is considered long-term memory (Kasschau, pp. 57-58). Endell Tulving has broken it down even further into episodic and semantic memories. Episodic memory is remembering specific events or names. Semantic memory refers to general knowledge, like speaking a language or doing math problems (Corsini, pg. 355). Many things can be done to increase and keep a person`s memory sharp. Seeking variety provides a broad range of experiences that provide reservoirs of knowledge to search through in old age. A willingness to try new things and improvise gives that mind more experience. People who are at peace and find life fulfilling have a memory that is stronger and lasts longer than those who are often angry or depressed do. Strengthening a memory can start during childhood. Eating right as a baby leads to strong, healthy brains, while nutritional deficits can permanently impair mental functions. Getting lots of stimulation and staying in school are two ways to make your memory last longer. Enriched environments cause brain cells to grow as much as 25 percent more than those in bland environments (Schrof, pg. 91). When a person reaches young adulthood, making many friends can keep a person sharp. People with many friends often score higher of cognitive tests and are able to adapt better to new situations. Finding a mentor and marrying someone who is smarter than you help also, leading you to strive to match your mate`s abilities (Schrof, pg. 91). As a person enters middle age, putting away money for trips can be beneficial. People with extra money can treat themselves to mind nourishing experiences like travel and cultural events. Achieve major life goals now to avoid burnout. People who head into retirement fulfilled will feel at peace with their accomplishments (Schrof, pg. 91). When a person enters the late sixties, they should search for things that continue to challenge them and intrigue the mind. In other words, do not get bored. Doing things that make you feel like you are doing something constructive also helps. Those who do not feel like they have no purpose and tend to burn out. Taking a daily half-hour walk can increase your scores on intelligence tests. Too much exercise at too much of an intense pace hinders the memory (Schrof, pg. 91). Neurologists today are finding that later in life the brain stops producing a hormone involved in the memory process, acetylcholine. So far results have shown that drugs can act as the hormone to recharge the memory. Another method of remembering more is called chunking. Short-term memory is limited in its duration as well as in its capacity. Your short-term memory can

Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views Essays

Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views Essays Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views Paper Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views Paper Abstraction This aim of this research paper is chiefly to better understand the current state of affairs about the issues of carnal experimentation from different positions. Online articles, diaries, encyclopaedia and books were used for mention in this research paper. In kernel, this research paper by and large touches on the pros and cons of carnal experimentation. Supporters of carnal proving claim that this helps the development of of import drugs and interventions which in bend saves 1000000s of valuable human lives. Additionally, carnal testing is employed to salvage human lives because human lives are more valuable than carnal lives. Valuable cognition can be obtained through carnal experimentation to analyze the effects of a substance. This work will lend to people who are interested to cognize more about animate being testing and future research of similar subject. Animal Testing 1.0 Introduction The Greeks believed that animate beings were a lesser signifier of life because animate beings could non believe like worlds did. Furthermore, this idea was continued by Christians who claimed that animate beings were less important because they had no psyche ( Vivisection, 2002 ) . Animal testing is the usage of unrecorded animate beings for research in order to better understand the consequence of certain substances towards human wellness. This application has been widely carried out in many industries. Numerous animate beings have been used for carnal testing, such as guinea hogs, coneies, Canis familiariss and mice. The issue of carnal testing has become a world-wide focal point these yearss due to statements brought up by those who are against carnal experimentation. Unquestionably, the pattern of carnal experimentation has increased enormously compared to the yesteryear. Harmonizing to Shandilya ( 2008 ) , it is estimated that 20 million animate beings are used for carnal experimentation annually for the intent of medical specialty and for proving other merchandises. Findingss from surveies indicate that less than 10 per centum of pure psychological researches use animate beings as trial topics, which do non include carnal topics used for cross-over medical experimentation ( American Psychological Association, n.d. , cited in Harding, L. , 2001 ) . However, there are some who province that animate being experiments are barbarous and immoral, besides go againsting an animate being s rights. This has caused many persons to hold with the motions of anti-vivisection administrations due to barbarous intervention towards animate beings. Although there are Torahs sing carnal proving implementing the decrease in the usage of animate beings for vivisection, oppositions of animate being experimenting are still debating about the topic of legalising it. If we view this topic from a broader position, it can be seen that carnal testing should be legalized as it aids scientist in the finds of new drugs and interventions to do wellness and medical specialty better, human life is more cherished than that of an animate being, and it is the most precise manner to happen out the effects of substances on a life being. This research paper will explicate why carnal testing should be legalized. Research findings are confined to the United States of America, since the topic of animate being testing is extremely debated there and the advancement of this issue in the US is comparative to other states. 2.0 Body of Report 2.1 Animal proving helps in the development of drugs and interventions. Presently, worlds are frequently exposed to assorted diseases which are life threatening, which includes bing diseases or new signifiers of diseases due to mutants and alterations in the environment. Hence, research workers are working hard in happening remedies for all these unwellnesss. From here, it can be seen that carnal testing is indispensable in the nutriment of human wellness. Animals will be used to analyze the consequence of freshly invented drugs, whether it will assist in bring arounding the disease. Speaking of the positive results of carnal testing, this includes the development of new medical specialty and interventions. Derbyshire ( 2004 ) mentioned that many medical progresss utilized carnal testing ; including production of insulin which was developed utilizing Canis familiariss, and cyclosporine, a powerful anti-rejection drug developed utilizing Primatess. Besides this, finds of assorted vaccinums have evolved through carnal experimentation. From here, it can be seen that carnal proving can steer us to finds of new cognition about life beings. Many drugs have been invented to carry through the purpose of rectifying diseases. However, the side effects of freshly invented drugs remain unknown. Therefore, carnal testing allows the rating of the danger of drugs before being used upon worlds which will greatly cut down the hazard before any human based tests are carried out ( About Animal Testing, n.d. ) . Drugs that are tested safe can so be used to salvage 1000000s of valuable human lives. The hereafter of medical scientific discipline still relies on animate being testing, and this clearly shows a demand in legalising carnal testing. There are some people who claim that the effects of drugs tested on animate beings may non be the same to worlds. Arthritis drug Vioxx, which caused 140 000 bosom onslaughts and shots in United States of America, was withdrawn from the planetary market even though it appeared to be safe when tested in animate beings ( Archibald, 2004 ) . However, scientists have proven that animate beings are highly alike to worlds and experiments done on them would bring forth similar consequences obtained through future human experiments ( About Animal Testing, n.d. ) . Hence, transporting out carnal proving on drugs would better the quality of human life indirectly. Therefore, to sum it all up, carnal testing should be legalized because it assists research workers in medical interventions besides drugs find, improves wellness and medical specialty and is able to prove the safety of drugs. Options of carnal proving are non every bit plausible as they are non every bit accurate as the consequences obtained from trials conducted upon animate beings. Hence, carnal testing should be encouraged alternatively of being suppressed. 2.2 The importance of human lives is given precedence over carnal lives. Differences bing between worlds and animate beings cause animate beings to have interventions which are different and unequal although both of them are alive. As animate beings differ from worlds as they do non hold scruples, they are considered inferior to worlds when it comes to the value of life. Sing that the lives of worlds are viewed as more valuable than carnal lives, animate beings will hold to be sacrificed in carnal experimentation. The pros and cons of carnal proving were debated with both sides being able to bring forth solid grounds for their bases. From the position of sense, it is mentioned that all living things are morally tantamount. However, the lives of worlds are superior over the lives of animate beings ( Garner, 2005 ) . Governments have to do a pick between the public assistance of worlds and the public assistance of animate beings. Which one is more of import, the life of a human or the life of an animate being? As Archibald ( 2004 ) points out, most people are willing to give the lives of animate being in carnal proving to salvage human lives. Even though human public assistance is the chief concern, the public assistance of an animate being is still taken into history by minimising the agony of animate beings when carry oning carnal experimentations. The Animal Welfare Act had been formed and reviewed invariably to protect animate beings and diminish the figure of vivisections carried out ( Monamy, 2000 ) . Every experiment affecting the use of animate beings is usually administered with anaesthesia. In concurrence with this, the experiments will non be repeated or animate beings used will be euthanized when barbarous intervention is involved. Animal testing can be accepted as it allows the betterment of human life quality without the agony of animate beings ( Garner, 2005 ) . Those who are against carnal proving argued that animate beings have the right to populate peacefully. Animal testing is regarded as unkind intervention towards animate beings as it violates carnal rights as their lives are valuable as good ( Le Fanu, 2003 ) . However, their statements are weak because animate beings lack the sense of judgement, and hence are non subjected to moral claims and carnal rights ( Cohen, 1986 ) . Hence, they can non be compared with human life. Equally long as the animate being is experimented upon without hurting, the public assistance of the animate being is non violated. Therefore, it is acceptable to legalise the activity of carnal proving as human life should be prioritized. Although there are many who are against carnal experimentation, the points asserted are non strong plenty to stop the activity of animate being proving. Supporters of carnal proving affirm that animate beings should non hold equal rights with worlds as both of these can non be compared. Animals lack the sense of judgement, therefore human lives ever come foremost before carnal lives. Animals are considered to be protected every bit long as animate beings receive minimal sum of agony. So carnal testing should be legalized in order to salvage more human lives. 2.3 Animal testing is helpful for analyzing the effects of substances. Many new chemical substances are produced every twelvemonth to run into the demand of the planetary market such as in agribusiness, medical specialty and decorative merchandises. The credits should be given to animal proving. The consequence of that peculiar substance has been studied to bring forth infinite helpful merchandises. This can increase the length of service of worlds besides bettering the human criterion of life. By carry oning experiments on animate beings, the research worker can derive priceless information from the populating specimen. Winston ( 2006 ) mentioned that 70 % of the Nobel awards for physiology or medical specialty are contributed from carnal proving. Hence, it is clearly shown that by executing researches on animate beings by analyzing the effects of a substance can convey a immense impact upon the universe. The find of cognition will be delayed or remain undiscovered if carnal testing is non carried out. As stated by Le Fanu ( 2003 ) , primates offer the best experimental theoretical accounts as they have 99 % similarity in cistrons with worlds. Animal testing can be carried out on Primatess to guarantee the safety of some drugs before being tested on worlds. The opportunity for both beings exhibiting the same consequence is high due to the similarity of their cistrons. This in bend can cut down the hazards faced by worlds when get downing the tests. Hence, animate beings are good tools for larning the effects of assorted substances. In malice of this, people who are in resistance to animal proving argue that it must non be legalized merely because carnal experimentation leads to medical discoveries and the result is more rewarding. This statement is deficient to warrant the drawbacks of carnal testing ( Derbyshire, 2004 ) . On the other manus, it is proven that the good result outweighs its drawbacks, so it is rational to legalise the activity of animate being testing. Without analyzing the effects of substances utilizing carnal testing, most of the major vaccinums against disease like infantile paralysis, German measles and hepatitis B used today would non be ( Derbyshire, 2004 ) . New drugs undergo in vitro research, computing machine mold and carnal testing before being tested on worlds. Therefore, every measure is critical in this procedure of analyzing the effects before a drug is introduced into the market. In short, the effects of a substance can be study by transporting out carnal proving which can supply priceless information besides the anatomy of some animate beings are similar to worlds. Even though carnal experimentation its disadvantages, there are still many benefits that can derive by transporting out carnal proving. Therefore, legalisation of carnal testing must be accepted. Furthermore, it can be a good tool for instruction and research intents. 3.0 Recommendation Normally, the use of animate beings for carnal proving delineated as inhuman treatment towards animate beings and should non be legalized. However, it is impossible to censor the pattern of carnal experimentation due to the benefits brought by animate being research towards world. Animal testing is a baronial action to prolong the public assistance of worlds. Since the pattern of carnal proving can non be stopped, the public assistance of animate beings can merely be protected by another attack. The rule of Three Rs , that is refinement , decrease and replacing can be practiced. The research workers are pledged to cut down the figure of animate beings used when executing a research. To utilize the least figure of resources to obtain the fastest consequences, research workers have the inclination of utilizing a smaller figure of animate beings during their research. This is an act that showed the willingness of world to cut down the inhuman treatment towards the animate beings. Besides this, scientists were asked to decrease the grade of agony of the animate being. This can be attained by exclude some gratuitous harmful actions affecting the animate beings. Last, alternate methods should be used whenever possible to replace the use of carnal testing ( Derbyshire, 2006 ) . For case, the public assistance of animate beings can be secured by making so. The pattern of carnal experimentation should compromise between the public assistance of worlds and animate beings so that harmoniousness can be achieved. Animal experimentation still can be practiced, and the Torahs should be purely enforced so that it is non violated by irresponsible people. 4.0 Decision Due to the increased use of carnal testing, the issue of carnal experimentation is acquiring extremely debated and remains relentless. After analyzing several points, it has revealed that carnal testing should be legalized as it helps in the advancement of medical specialty and wellness, human life is more valuable than carnal life, and helps to larn the result of a substance on a life being. Day by twenty-four hours, anti-vivisectionists try to govern out carnal testing by looking at this issue from the animate being s point of position. Concurrently, protagonists of carnal experimentation were able to rebut their statements, by claiming the public assistance of worlds should ever come first before animate beings. They viewed the topic of carnal proving from a broader position and the long term advantages that come from carnal experimentation. Life is neer perfect, some forfeits have to do to accomplish success for a better hereafter. However, carnal research should be carried out a s its advantages are more important than the disadvantages. Bibliography About Animal Testing, ( n.d. ) , Exploitation Animals for Testing: Pro s Versus Con s? viewed 27th March 2010, d hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/using-animals-testing-pros-versus-cons.html Archibald, K. ( 2004 ) , Animal Testing: Science or Fiction? viewed 5 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //gan.ca/lifestyle/animal+testing/articles+on+animal+research/index.en.html Cohen, C. , ( 1986 ) †¦ Students Paper: †¦ C. , ( 1986 ) The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research , The New England Journal of Medicine 315, no. 14. 865-69 †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing †¦ no rights. The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research The New England Journal of Medicine 315, no. 14 ( October 2 †¦ †¦ . 865-69, viewed 28th March 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //people. †¦ †¦ . 865-69, viewed 28th March 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //people. †¦ Students Paper: †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //people.ucalgary.ca/~powlesla/personal/hunting/rights/cohen.txt Derbyshire, S. †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ucalgary.ca/~powlesla/personal/hunting/rights/cohen.txt Carl Cohen †¦ †¦ †¦ Derbyshire, S. , ( 2004 ) Vivisection: Put human welfare first viewed 5 February 2010, †¦ Students Paper: †¦ February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/printable/2468 †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing †¦ medical intents. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php? /site/article/43 †¦ †¦ /printable/2468 †¦ /printable/2468 Derbyshire, S. , ( 2006 ) Tha difficult statements about vivisection viewed 5 February 2010, †¦ Students Paper: †¦ February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/printable/223 †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing †¦ medical intents. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php? /site/article/43 †¦ †¦ /printable/223/ †¦ /printable/223/ Garner, R. , ( 2005 ) Animal Ethical motives , pp129-130, Polity Press, UK Harding, Lauri R.. Animal Experimentation. Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 25 Feb. 2010. Le Fanu, J. , ( 2003 ) Vivisection s underdoing-Why carnal experiments can non assist worlds . Monamy, V. , ( 2000 ) Animal Experiment: A usher to the Issues , pp29-34, Cambridge University Press, UK. Shandilya, R. ( 2008 ) Animal Testing Pros viewed 9 February 2010 †¦ Students Paper: †¦ February 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing-pros.html Vivisection. UXL †¦ hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing †¦ better understood. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing-pros.html [ 13 ] [ /en †¦ †¦ †¦ Vivisection. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 26 Feb. 2010. Winston, R. , ( 2006 ) The shame of our silence viewed 27 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/may/31/animalwelfare.highereducation 2 % hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Animal_testing 1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //socyberty.com/issues/why-animals- can non -have-rights/ 1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //ca.answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20080703061440AA4Sdcf 1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate: Vegetarianism 1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20080703161238AAuxnzy 1 % hypertext transfer protocol: //answers.yahoo.com/question/index? qid=20080701091210AAbNKPp 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //smartgirlpolitics.blogspot.com/2009/07/king-for-country-of-no-substance.html 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //blog.peta.org/archives/2008/01/tax_meat_1.php 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3438100671.html 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3438100672.html 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/Printable/0000000CA552.htm 0 % hypertext transfer protocol: //smartgirlpolitics.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html Abstraction This aim of this research paper is chiefly to better understand the current state of affairs about the issues of carnal experimentation from different positions. Online articles, diaries, encyclopaedia and books were used for mention in this research paper. In kernel, this research paper by and large touches on the pros and cons of carnal experimentation. Supporters of carnal proving claim that this helps the development of of import drugs and interventions which in bend saves 1000000s of valuable human lives. Additionally, carnal testing is employed to salvage human lives because human lives are more valuable than carnal lives. Valuable cognition can be obtained through carnal experimentation to analyze the effects of a substance. This work will lend to people who are interested to cognize more about animate being testing and future research of similar subject. ContentsPagesIntroduction1-2Body of Report Animal proving helps in the development of drugs and interventions. The importance of human lives is given precedence over carnal lives. Animal testing is helpful for analyzing the effects of substances. 3-4 5-6 7-8Recommendation9Conclusion10Bibliography11-12 Animal Testing 1.0 Introduction The Greeks believed that animate beings were a lesser signifier of life because animate beings could non believe like worlds did. Furthermore, this idea was continued by Christians who claimed that animate beings were less important because they had no psyche ( Vivisection, 2002 ) . Animal testing is the usage of unrecorded animate beings for research in order to better understand the consequence of certain substances towards human wellness. This application has been widely carried out in many industries. Numerous animate beings have been used for carnal testing, such as guinea hogs, coneies, Canis familiariss and mice. The issue of carnal testing has become a world-wide focal point these yearss due to statements brought up by those who are against carnal experimentation. Unquestionably, the pattern of carnal experimentation has increased enormously compared to the yesteryear. Harmonizing to Shandilya ( 2008 ) , it is estimated that 20 million animate beings are used for carnal experimentation annually for the intent of medical specialty and for proving other merchandises. Findingss from surveies indicate that less than 10 per centum of pure psychological researches use animate beings as trial topics, which do non include carnal topics used for cross-over medical experimentation ( American Psychological Association, n.d. , cited in Harding, L. , 2001 ) . However, there are some who province that animate being experiments are barbarous and immoral, besides go againsting an animate being s rights. This has caused many persons to hold with the motions of anti-vivisection administrations due to barbarous intervention towards animate beings. Although there are Torahs sing carnal proving implementing the decrease in the usage of animate beings for vivisection, oppositions of animate being experimenting are still debating about the topic of legalising it. If we view this topic from a broader position, it can be seen that carnal testing should be legalized as it aids scientist in the finds of new drugs and interventions to do wellness and medical specialty better, human life is more cherished than that of an animate being, and it is the most precise manner to happen out the effects of substances on a life being. This research paper will explicate why carnal testing should be legalized. Research findings are confined to the United States of America, since the topic of animate being testing is extremely debated there and the advancement of this issue in the US is comparative to other states. 2.0 Body of Report 2.1 Animal proving helps in the development of drugs and interventions. Presently, worlds are frequently exposed to assorted diseases which are life threatening, which includes bing diseases or new signifiers of diseases due to mutants and alterations in the environment. Hence, research workers are working hard in happening remedies for all these unwellnesss. From here, it can be seen that carnal testing is indispensable in the nutriment of human wellness. Animals will be used to analyze the consequence of freshly invented drugs, whether it will assist in bring arounding the disease. Speaking of the positive results of carnal testing, this includes the development of new medical specialty and interventions. Derbyshire ( 2004 ) mentioned that many medical progresss utilized carnal testing ; including production of insulin which was developed utilizing Canis familiariss, and cyclosporine, a powerful anti-rejection drug developed utilizing Primatess. Besides this, finds of assorted vaccinums have evolved through carnal experimentation. From here, it can be seen that carnal proving can steer us to finds of new cognition about life beings. Many drugs have been invented to carry through the purpose of rectifying diseases. However, the side effects of freshly invented drugs remain unknown. Therefore, carnal testing allows the rating of the danger of drugs before being used upon worlds which will greatly cut down the hazard before any human based tests are carried out ( About Animal Testing, n.d. ) . Drugs that are tested safe can so be used to salvage 1000000s of valuable human lives. The hereafter of medical scientific discipline still relies on animate being testing, and this clearly shows a demand in legalising carnal testing. There are some people who claim that the effects of drugs tested on animate beings may non be the same to worlds. Arthritis drug Vioxx, which caused 140 000 bosom onslaughts and shots in United States of America, was withdrawn from the planetary market even though it appeared to be safe when tested in animate beings ( Archibald, 2004 ) . However, scientists have proven that animate beings are highly alike to worlds and experiments done on them would bring forth similar consequences obtained through future human experiments ( About Animal Testing, n.d. ) . Hence, transporting out carnal proving on drugs would better the quality of human life indirectly. Therefore, to sum it all up, carnal testing should be legalized because it assists research workers in medical interventions besides drugs find, improves wellness and medical specialty and is able to prove the safety of drugs. Options of carnal proving are non every bit plausible as they are non every bit accurate as the consequences obtained from trials conducted upon animate beings. Hence, carnal testing should be encouraged alternatively of being suppressed. 2.2 The importance of human lives is given precedence over carnal lives. Differences bing between worlds and animate beings cause animate beings to have interventions which are different and unequal although both of them are alive. As animate beings differ from worlds as they do non hold scruples, they are considered inferior to worlds when it comes to the value of life. Sing that the lives of worlds are viewed as more valuable than carnal lives, animate beings will hold to be sacrificed in carnal experimentation. The pros and cons of carnal proving were debated with both sides being able to bring forth solid grounds for their bases. From the position of sense, it is mentioned that all living things are morally tantamount. However, the lives of worlds are superior over the lives of animate beings ( Garner, 2005 ) . Governments have to do a pick between the public assistance of worlds and the public assistance of animate beings. Which one is more of import, the life of a human or the life of an animate being? As Archibald ( 2004 ) points out, most people are willing to give the lives of animate being in carnal proving to salvage human lives. Even though human public assistance is the chief concern, the public assistance of an animate being is still taken into history by minimising the agony of animate beings when carry oning carnal experimentations. The Animal Welfare Act had been formed and reviewed invariably to protect animate beings and diminish the figure of vivisections carried out ( Monamy, 2000 ) . Every experiment affecting the use of animate beings is usually administered with anaesthesia. In concurrence with this, the experiments will non be repeated or animate beings used will be euthanized when barbarous intervention is involved. Animal testing can be accepted as it allows the betterment of human life quality without the agony of animate beings ( Garner, 2005 ) . Those who are against carnal proving argued that animate beings have the right to populate peacefully. Animal testing is regarded as unkind intervention towards animate beings as it violates carnal rights as their lives are valuable as good ( Le Fanu, 2003 ) . However, their statements are weak because animate beings lack the sense of judgement, and hence are non subjected to moral claims and carnal rights ( Cohen, 1986 ) . Hence, they can non be compared with human life. Equally long as the animate being is experimented upon without hurting, the public assistance of the animate being is non violated. Therefore, it is acceptable to legalise the activity of carnal proving as human life should be prioritized. Although there are many who are against carnal experimentation, the points asserted are non strong plenty to stop the activity of animate being proving. Supporters of carnal proving affirm that animate beings should non hold equal rights with worlds as both of these can non be compared. Animals lack the sense of judgement, therefore human lives ever come foremost before carnal lives. Animals are considered to be protected every bit long as animate beings receive minimal sum of agony. So carnal testing should be legalized in order to salvage more human lives. 2.3 Animal testing is helpful for analyzing the effects of substances. Many new chemical substances are produced every twelvemonth to run into the demand of the planetary market such as in agribusiness, medical specialty and decorative merchandises. The credits should be given to animal proving. The consequence of that peculiar substance has been studied to bring forth infinite helpful merchandises. This can increase the length of service of worlds besides bettering the human criterion of life. By carry oning experiments on animate beings, the research worker can derive priceless information from the populating specimen. Winston ( 2006 ) mentioned that 70 % of the Nobel awards for physiology or medical specialty are contributed from carnal proving. Hence, it is clearly shown that by executing researches on animate beings by analyzing the effects of a substance can convey a immense impact upon the universe. The find of cognition will be delayed or remain undiscovered if carnal testing is non carried out. As stated by Le Fanu ( 2003 ) , primates offer the best experimental theoretical accounts as they have 99 % similarity in cistrons with worlds. Animal testing can be carried out on Primatess to guarantee the safety of some drugs before being tested on worlds. The opportunity for both beings exhibiting the same consequence is high due to the similarity of their cistrons. This in bend can cut down the hazards faced by worlds when get downing the tests. Hence, animate beings are good tools for larning the effects of assorted substances. In malice of this, people who are in resistance to animal proving argue that it must non be legalized merely because carnal experimentation leads to medical discoveries and the result is more rewarding. This statement is deficient to warrant the drawbacks of carnal testing ( Derbyshire, 2004 ) . On the other manus, it is proven that the good result outweighs its drawbacks, so it is rational to legalise the activity of animate being testing. Without analyzing the effects of substances utilizing carnal testing, most of the major vaccinums against disease like infantile paralysis, German measles and hepatitis B used today would non be ( Derbyshire, 2004 ) . New drugs undergo in vitro research, computing machine mold and carnal testing before being tested on worlds. Therefore, every measure is critical in this procedure of analyzing the effects before a drug is introduced into the market. In short, the effects of a substance can be study by transporting out carnal proving which can supply priceless information besides the anatomy of some animate beings are similar to worlds. Even though carnal experimentation its disadvantages, there are still many benefits that can derive by transporting out carnal proving. Therefore, legalisation of carnal testing must be accepted. Furthermore, it can be a good tool for instruction and research intents. 3.0 Recommendation Normally, the use of animate beings for carnal proving delineated as inhuman treatment towards animate beings and should non be legalized. However, it is impossible to censor the pattern of carnal experimentation due to the benefits brought by animate being research towards world. Animal testing is a baronial action to prolong the public assistance of worlds. Since the pattern of carnal proving can non be stopped, the public assistance of animate beings can merely be protected by another attack. The rule of Three Rs , that is refinement , decrease and replacing can be practiced. The research workers are pledged to cut down the figure of animate beings used when executing a research. To utilize the least figure of resources to obtain the fastest consequences, research workers have the inclination of utilizing a smaller figure of animate beings during their research. This is an act that showed the willingness of world to cut down the inhuman treatment towards the animate beings. Besides this, scientists were asked to decrease the grade of agony of the animate being. This can be attained by exclude some gratuitous harmful actions affecting the animate beings. Last, alternate methods should be used whenever possible to replace the use of carnal testing ( Derbyshire, 2006 ) . For case, the public assistance of animate beings can be secured by making so. The pattern of carnal experimentation should compromise between the public assistance of worlds and animate beings so that harmoniousness can be achieved. Animal experimentation still can be practiced, and the Torahs should be purely enforced so that it is non violated by irresponsible people. 4.0 Decision Due to the increased use of carnal testing, the issue of carnal experimentation is acquiring extremely debated and remains relentless. After analyzing several points, it has revealed that carnal testing should be legalized as it helps in the advancement of medical specialty and wellness, human life is more valuable than carnal life, and helps to larn the result of a substance on a life being. Day by twenty-four hours, anti-vivisectionists try to govern out carnal testing by looking at this issue from the animate being s point of position. Concurrently, protagonists of carnal experimentation were able to rebut their statements, by claiming the public assistance of worlds should ever come first before animate beings. They viewed the topic of carnal proving from a broader position and the long term advantages that come from carnal experimentation. Life is neer perfect, some forfeits have to do to accomplish success for a better hereafter. However, carnal research should be carried out a s its advantages are more important than the disadvantages. Bibliography About Animal Testing, ( n.d. ) , Exploitation Animals for Testing: Pro s Versus Con s? viewed 27th March 2010, d hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/using-animals-testing-pros-versus-cons.html Archibald, K. ( 2004 ) , Animal Testing: Science or Fiction? viewed 5 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //gan.ca/lifestyle/animal+testing/articles+on+animal+research/index.en.html Cohen, C. , ( 1986 ) The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research , The New England Journal of Medicine 315, no. 14. 865-69, viewed 28th March 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //people.ucalgary.ca/~powlesla/personal/hunting/rights/cohen.txt Derbyshire, S. , ( 2004 ) Vivisection: Put human welfare first viewed 5 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/printable/2468 Derbyshire, S. , ( 2006 ) Tha difficult statements about vivisection viewed 5 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/printable/223/ Garner, R. , ( 2005 ) Animal Ethical motives , pp129-130, Polity Press, UK Harding, Lauri R.. Animal Experimentation. Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 25 Feb. 2010 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com gt ; . Le Fanu, J. , ( 2003 ) Vivisection s underdoing-Why carnal experiments can non assist worlds . Monamy, V. , ( 2000 ) Animal Experiment: A usher to the Issues , pp29-34, Cambridge University Press, UK. Shandilya, R. ( 2008 ) Animal Testing Pros viewed 9 February 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing-pros.html Vivisection. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 26 Feb. 2010 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com gt ; . Winston, R. , ( 2006 ) The shame of our silence viewed 27 February 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/may/31/animalwelfare.highereducation

Hybrid Car Battery Life and Replacement Costs

Hybrid Car Battery Life and Replacement Costs It is expensive to replace hybrid batteries- it can cost in the neighborhood of $3,000 for a full hybrid battery replacement. But on the other hand, hybrid batteries have proven themselves to be extremely reliable. And as long as they are not abused and the vehicle charging control system operates effectively, they can be- not unrealistically- expected to last for nearly the life of the vehicle. Manufacturers are providing generous battery warranties (generally about 8-10 years and 80,000 to 100,000 miles), but as with most warranted components, they are designed to last well beyond the coverage period. It would not be unreasonable to expect the life of a battery pack to exceed 150,000 miles. Something to keep in mind: as more hybrids take to the roads, reclaimed batteries from out-of-service (wrecked) cars will become more available at steep discounts.

Toward the 21st century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Toward the 21st century - Essay Example More than a few educational traditions, above all the constructivist and relativist paradigms, assert ethnographic research as an applicable research method. The aspect of immigration can be seen from this aspect. (Knott, 2005) In the context if migration US has been a very popular destination in world history. However, the analogy between black immigrates' experience in the US cities and that of their white European predecessors was mainly invalid. While looking into the matter it can primary be mentioned that migration is a subject that is studied on all levels when dealing with humanity and its idiosyncrasies. In order to understand migration we must understand the various components involved in migration, including internal migration, external migration, immigration and both refugees and Internally Displaced Persons. We must attempt to understand the reasons to migrate and how laws affect the various forms of migration and if there would be solutions to this practice of migration. The objective is to study the problems, the solutions and the reasoning behind migration as a whole. In order to understand the reasons behind migration of people we must first define the various components of migration. ... lopment of the country that people are leaving, specifically GDP, the level of domestic development, and finally income and quality of life within the countries. Another two factors include how urbanized an area would be and variations in that consideration along with levels of education that would in fact be available for children across the country of origin in place of isolated areas. Occasionally, the amount of US influence on a country can either adversely or conversely affect the amount of migration. (Fletcher, 2003) Coerced and free migration is a subject David Eltis and others have pursued for a better understanding of the methods and results of such actions. This tells about how the method behind migration has changed over the centuries of humanity. According to Eltis, "all migration hinges on a cultural differential between donor and recipient societies." (Eltis, 2002, 3) This is evident in the migration between poorer and more prosperous countries and free and restricted countries as well. This alone would give reason for migration to occur. The white migration to America started quite early. British merchant ships were trading on a regular basis with North America and West Indies (after the acquisition on Virginia in 1607 and Barbados in 1625) and by the end of the 17th century , a huge number of people (apprx 350,000) managed to emigrate across the Atlantic Ocean with these very ships. These people base helped to propagate and facilitate new markets for trade and commerce from England. In 1977, the British had the largest occupation America as compared to the other leading European powers, the French and the Dutch. The British suffered a great setback when the Independence war lost 13 of its American colonies but compensated with more acquisitions by

Role of Economic Factors Behind Neo-imperialism Phenomenon Essay

Role of Economic Factors Behind Neo-imperialism Phenomenon - Essay Example This paper aims to evaluate whether neo-imperialism is a political or economic phenomenon by evaluating its origins and consequences. The paper provides not only an understanding of neo-imperialism as a phenomenon but also gives insight into its current influence in the global arena. To understand neo-imperialism, it is essential to valuate its validity as either a political or economic phenomenon. Many of the activities and strategies employed in neo-imperialism resulted to or were caused by political measures to preserve influence and power in the home regions of the nation involved. Marxist and socialist critics point out the underlying economic motivation driving imperialistic movements. Regardless of the stated and actual motivations, neo-imperialism both has political and economic rationales. In the resolution of conflicts during the imperial period territories were the central issues while in neo-imperialism, trading rights were seen as more important than physical occupation. The intimacy of government and economics allows for both economic and political elements in neo-imperialism. Thought the economic rewards remain at the core and purpose of neo-imperialism, political will acted its arm in enforcing its objectives.Its mechanism was to exploit markets and trade to establish presence in the global community. Its costs also find its justification in the financial rewards. Neo-imperialism proves itself to be a dynamic economic force that has helped shape the global economy as we know it today.

Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Essay Example for Free

Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Essay A common Sophomore Organic Chemistry laboratory experiment that has great potential for further research is the acid catalyzed dehydration of simple alcohols. The classic dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol experiment that was introduced in Journal of Chemical Education in 1967 Taber(1967)JCE:44,p620. The rather simple procedure of distilling an alcohol with an aqueous acid has spawned several investigations that have resulted in formal journal articles. At the same time, the experiment has retained its popularity in the Sophomore Organic Chemistry laboratory curriculum. In one line of inquiry it has been observed that a mixture of 2-methylcyclohexanol diastereomers gives rise to a mixture of three isomeric alkenes Todd(1994)JCE:71,p440; Feigenbaum(1987) JCE:64, p273; Cawley (1997) JCE:74l, p102. Explaining the presence of the three alkene products requires an intense synthesis of information communicated in a typical SOC textbook. The continued popularity of this experiment is corroborated by the observation that Googling the phrase â€Å"Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol† on January 13th, 2008 returned no less than 20 hits for online student handouts and/or guides for this SOC laboratory experiment. Moreover, this experiment provides fertile ground for experimentation and innovation that has not yet been fully explored. At Dominican University, the SOC students performed this experiment during the Fall 2007 semester with not only the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 153087) but also the 4-methyl (Aldrich 153095) and 3-methyl (Aldrich 139734) positional isomers. The reaction products were submitted to GC-FID analysis. As predicted from the Journal of Chemical Education articles, three methylcyclohexene products were observed. Their relative abundance measured by peak height was 80, 16, and 4%. The alkene products represented by these peaks apparently correspond to 1-methycyclehexene, 3-methycyclehexene, and methylenecyclohexane respectively. [pic] The dehydration of 4-methylcyclohexanol produce two products, that can be distinguished by our current GC column, at 90 and 10% with retention times that match 3-methycyclehexene and 1-methycyclehexene respectively. My current theory is that the retention times 3 and 4-methycyclohexene could not be distinguished with GC column and temperature program. However, there is still the issue of how 1-methycyclehexene is produced from 4-methylcyclohexanol. [pic] The dehydration of 3-methylcyclohexanol yields two products, that can be distinguished by our current GC column, at 80 and 20% with retention times that match 3-methylcyclohexene and 1-methycyclehexene respectively. [pic] Samples of 1-methyl and 3-methyl cyclohexenes purchased from Aldrich chemical confirmed two of compound assignments for the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol. Obviously, it remains to separate the 3 and 4-methylcyclohexene by GC. There are several advantages of studying the dehydration of methylcyclohexanols in the first semester of Organic Chemistry: 1) The experiment involves reactions that are typically studied during first semester: E1, E2, and the 1,2-hydride shift. It is a time-tested protocol that has been run in hundreds of labs by thousands of students. 2) Analysis of the experiment involves the understanding of all three mechanisms mentioned previously and how they may compete with each other. In other words, it is a simple experiment that demands a rather involved interpretation of results. 3) It shows that textbooks â€Å"rules† such as the Zaitzev’s rule in this case, are not necessarily rules as such, but rather astute observations of general trends that can vary experimentally depending on the reactant and the reaction conditions. 4) Analytically, we are observing/measuring the presence of 3 known methylcyclohexene and methylenecyclohexane products that can be separated and detected by Gas Chromatography. I believe that the product mixtures can also be analyzed by NMR. 5) The reaction lends itself to an inquiry format that involves the study different reactants and reaction conditions on the ratio of products. In fact, this experiment, in my opinion, is an ideal candidate for a multi-institution collaborative study that combines and interprets student data. want to pursue point #5 further by first grappling with the current literature concerning the â€Å"Evelyn Effect.† The JCE article by David Todd, â€Å"The Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Revisited: The Evelyn Effect† observes a kinetic effect that can be explained by proposing that in a mixture of cis/trans 2-Methylcyclohexanol the cis isomer reacts much faster than the trans isomer to give predominately 1-methylcyclohexene. The formation of 1-methylcyclohexene from cis-2-methylcyclohexanol would involve an â€Å"E2-like† anti-elimination of proton and the protonated alcohol. The dehydration of the trans isomer would go through a E1 mechanism that requires the formation of a carbocation before elimination of a proton. A follow-up study by Cawley and Linder: â€Å"The Acid Catalyzed Dehydration of an Isomeric 2-Methylcyclohexanol Mixture† involves a detailed kinetic study. Students began with a 36.6/63.4 cis/trans mixture of 2-methylcyclohexanol with a cyclohexanol impurity (% impurity was not reported). They performed thy typical reaction+distillation and collected fractions at 4, 8, 16, 24, and 28 minutes. They also collected a 0.1 mL volume of the sample of the reaction mixture at each of these time intervals. These fractions were analyzed by 1H NMR and GC for composition. The cis/trans rate constants for the dehydration of reaction were determined to be 8.4/1.0 – much less than 30/1 ratio reported in 1931 by Vavon and Barbier. An intriguing study! It would be very interesting to have the raw (student) data on this one. Very little is said about the product ratios in the distillate fractions, they just report that they obtained 2.1% methylenecyclohexane and not the 4% previously reported. The dehydration of methylcyclohexanols provides a fecund problem to explore. The key is to develop methods to determine the distribution of alkene products in terms of % total alkenes. There are four possible positional isomers: I. methylenecyclohexane (Aldrich, Acros, 1192-37-6); II. racemic 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene (Acros, 591-48-0); III. 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene (Aldrich, Acros 591-49-1) IV. racemic 4-methyl-1-cyclohexene (Aldrich, Acros 591-47-9). Two of the alkene positional isomers contain an asymmetric carbon. The obvious place to start is by studying how the alcohol structure affects the product distribution of alkenes. There are 5 positional isomers of methylcyclohexanol: I. cyclohexanemethanol (Aldrich 100-49-2); II. 1-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 590-67-0); III. racemic cistrans 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 583-59-5) IV. racemic cistrans 3-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 591-23-1) V. cistrans 4-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 589-91-3). Three of the alcohols are present in cis and trans diastereomer pairs: cis 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7445-70-1) trans 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7445-52-9) cis 3-methylcyclohexanol (5454-79-5) trans 3-methylcyclohexanol (7443-55-2) cis 4-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7731-28-4) trans 4-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7731-28-4). In addition there are 4 entaniomer pairs among the alcohol starting materials. Most of them are commercially available, for a price. [pic] Besides the structure of the alcohol, what other variables may be explored? 1) One variable for this reaction that could be investigated is the nature of the catalytic acid. Aqueous acids, such as the 85% H3PO4 typically used for this experiment, contain some water which is also product of the reaction. I may also add that, the amount of acid is not always in catalytic proportion to the substrate. In my current protocol 0.075 moles of acid is used to dehydrate 0.2 moles of alcohol. Non-aqueous acids may give different results. Acidic resins are an interesting substitute for aqueous acids. For example, John Ludeman and Kurt Field of Bradley University presented a poster at the 2006 ACS Great Lakes Regional Meeting on the use of Dowex 50WX2-100, Amberlite IRC-50S, and Amberlyst 15, for the dehydration of alcohols. 2) Another variable would be the reaction conditions. In the current paradigm, the alkene is distilled away from the reaction mixture. Presumably, it is being distilled away as it is formed. An ad-hoc observation is that students seem to get somewhat different product ratios if they distill is carefully or if they â€Å"crank up the heat† and distill it quicker. What if the reaction mixture was refluxed to equilibrium before distillation? Would we see more thermodynamic products? 3) Reaction conditions could be changed in other ways too. Microwave irradiation is currently being explored as an alternative to heating reactions. Possibly, sonication could also be performed on the alcohol. 4) Another avenue to explore may be different strategies to push the reaction towards the products other than distilling off the alkene. For example, removing water with molecular sieves may be tried. The last installment of this series will explore the logistics of â€Å"dehydration of methylcycohexanols† as a collaborative experiments. The most straightforward collaboration would be to perform the â€Å"dehydration of methylcycohexanols† experiment in the same way and compare the relative yield of alkenes as measured by GC from different starting alcohols. Comparisons could be made with past data or concurrently collected data from different institutions. This may be seem fairly straightforward, but there will most likely be discrepancies that could will need to be explored. One aspect to make note of would be the source and composition of the methylcyclohexanols used a starting materials. Sigma-Aldrich has †¢ 1-methylcyclohexanol #M38214; †¢ 2-methylcyclohexanol #66320, #215295, #178829, #24113, #153087, †¢ 3-methylcyclohexanol #139734; †¢ 4-methylcyclohexanol #66360, #104183, #104191, #153095; †¢ as well as just plain methylcyclohexanol #66370. An experimental variable that is hard to control is rate of heating. Students who crank up the hot plate to get done quickly (even though they were told not to) may get different results than those students who go slowly and maintain an even temperature. Different GC columns and methods may also give results that need to be corroborated.

Movie Essay - The Film Based Upon of Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club :: Movie Film Essays

Joy Luck Club - The Movie! "I am waiting like a tiger in the trees, now ready to leap out, ready to cut her spirit loose." The Joy Luck Club, an Oliver Stone production, depicts four women and their strife bringing up their American born daughters. Directed by Wayne Wang, this rated R movie featured actors and actresses such as Ming-na Wen, Rosalind Chao, Russell Wong, and Lisa Lu. The Joy Luck Club is an emotional tale about four women who saw life as they had seen it back in China. Because the Chinese were very stereotypic, women were treated as second class citizens and were often abused. Through sad and painful experiences, these four women had tried to raise their daughters to live the American dream by giving them love and support, such things which were not available to them when they were young. These women revealed their individual accounts in narrative form as they relived it in their memories. These flashbacks transport us to the minds of these women and we see the events occur through their eyes. There were many conflicts and misunderstandings between the two generations due to their differences in upbringing and childhood. In the end, however, these conflicts would bring mother and daughter together to form a bond that would last forever. The setting played an important role in the effectiveness of the movie. The setting of The Joy Luck Club was set in various locations. Some were filmed in San Francisco and others were taken in China. Because the story dealt with the Chinese people and their customs, it would be logical for the producer to direct the film in China where it all started. The producer moved the setting back to the United States when they dealt with the daughters. Because the movie moved back and forth from the forties to the sixties and to the nineties, the producers had to use various symbolic signs to tell its viewers the period of time. For example, songs, costumes, and hair-do's help us determine the time. The Joy Luck Club displayed a variety of costumes. They used Chinese garments and clothing to give its viewers a sense of the Chinese tradition and culture.

Long Term Illness Essay

In this assignment a focus on an individual with the long term illness/ condition of a stroke will be undertaken, examining the impact of the condition/illness from the perspective of the individual and their family and also the impact of person centred care upon nursing practice. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008) Code of Professional Conduct Guidance has been maintained throughout this essay and therefore, all names have been altered for the purpose of confidentiality and anonymity. Currently there are around 1.2 million stroke survivors in the UK, which is every year an estimated 152,000 people. More than half have been left with disabilities that affect their daily life. Stroke can affect anyone, no matter what their age. Around a third of all strokes happen to people under the age of 65, and around 400 children (0-18) have a stroke each year. Furthermore stroke is the largest cause of complex disability in adults. (Stroke Association 2012). A stroke is caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually because a blood vessel bursts or is blocked by a clot. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to the brain tissue (WHO 2012). Mary is a 75 year old white British lady who suffered from a Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) approximately five years ago. She is a divorced lady who lives alone in a two storey house, however she has three children and numerous grandchildren who live within walking distance and whom visit on a daily basis. Mary was admitted to hospital as she had sustained a fall, fortunately nothing was broken, but she had suffered with severe bruising to her face and left side of her body resulting in loss of confidence. Mary currently takes medication for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia which her G.P monitors quite closely. On assessment it was identified that Mary has been finding it hard to accept her diagnosis, she was hoping that she would return to the same quality of life that she had before the stroke as she had never been poorly or took medication prior to this happening. CHSS (2012) state that denial initially protects you from being overwhelmed by the changes in your life. Some people may become ‘stuck’ in denial. The author has chosen this condition/illness as her grandmother suffered from a stroke 10 years ago and fights everyday with her disability, because of this experience the author decided to join the nursing profession and possibly work on a stroke unit or neurology department. This assignment will help to support, educate and contribute to patients ability to care for themselves after being diagnosed with any long term illness and will be part of life long learning, the Royal College of Nursing explain that nurses are committed to lifelong learning and continuous professional development (RCN 2012). Clinical reasons for choosing this condition/illness are that on this placement the author was allocated with the stoma nurses which gave her the opportunity to work on the wards of her choice on the final two weeks of the placement, she chose the stroke unit which also allowed her to complete many achievements and outcomes for example proficiency 2.4 was met which involved working with patients and families in order to use their strengths to achieve their goals and aspirations. As a nurse it is vital that patient centred care is met in today’s NHS and the care management of patients with a long term condition meaning putting the patient and their experience foremost, through communication, discussion of treatment options, potential outcomes and possible psychological effects also empowering the patient and allowing them to make choices about their healthcare (Nursing Standard 2011). As Mary was admitted with a fall investigatory questions needed to be asked to find out whether trips and falls are a common occurrence within Mary’s life and whether any member of the multi disciplinary team has implemented any changes to prevent these from happening. Through engaging in a therapeutic relationship allowing us to gain mutual respect and collaboration to develop with Mary she informed us that she has had many trips in her own home and only this one major fall outside, along with her worries and concerns which were listened to attentively. Nicol, J (2011) explain that as a nurse managing risk and promoting health and wellbeing whilst aiming to empower choices to promote self-care must be a priority therefore certain referrals need to be put in place. Firstly a referral to the physiotherapist was made within the hospital in order to improve posture and balance and make sure it is safe for Mary to return home to her own surroundings, as this was not managed post stroke admission and it is within the nurses role to make sure the patient and family are comfortable with there discharge. It is known for stroke suffers to have problems such as weakness, clumsiness or paralysis usually to one side of the body or loss of balance (Stroke Association 2008) which is why Mary has not received any further treatment from a physiotherapist after her stroke five years ago as treatment is stopped when it is no longer producing any marked improvement to your condition (NHS Choices 2012). Although from this admission it is recommend from the physiotherapist that a cane will be useful to Mary in order for her to gain more strength and move about more freely when walking outside within her limitation. A lot of time and advice was given to Mary and her family through discussion, education and effective communication, in order to help her in the decision making process and allowing Mary to realise that regaining independence requires patience (National Stroke Association 2011). Furthermore from a staff nurse’s experience in the past a referral to the Falls clinic was also put in place which was deemed successful from previous stroke survivors who have been left with similar disabilities to Mary and found this useful in the rehabilitation pathway. The Falls Clinic, (2011) aims to reduce your risk of falling and falls-related injuries and review your progress every two months for the first year. From this it enables Mary to be followed up in others ways apart from the GP ensuring that nothing significant is being missed in her care. Good engagement and collaboration allows the patient to gain full confidence and allows the nurse to develop a therapeutic nurse patient relationship providing care in a manner that enables the patient to be an equal partner in achieving wellness, which Mary had never felt before. However the family stepped forward at this point and informed the nursing team that they felt that Mary is starting to struggle around her usual housing environment and made it clear that they had no knowledge of any movement aids or assistive device until this hospital visit and talking to other families with the same problems. A referral to the Occupational Therapist was then put in place to assess and treat the physical condition using specific, purposeful activity to prevent disability and promote independent function in all aspects of daily life (NHS Careers 2012). From this referral it was decided that assistive grab bars, shower seats, supportive hand rails were put in place for easier movement around her home and further safety. This helped put her family at ease as she lives alone and copes by herself. Many stroke survivors continue to improve over a longer time in many different ways. Their recovery is in fact a long period of rehabilitation, as they learn to deal with the effects the stroke has had on them, however the psychological impact of living with a long term condition are very popular such as 30% of patients will suffer from depression at some point post-stroke (British Psychological Society 2010) and a significant proportion these remain undiagnosed or inadequately treated ( Hackett ,Yapa, Parag & Anderson 2005). Therefore as a nurse it is vital all the common problems after a stroke are investigated in depth. Upon Mary’s admission these psychological issues were assessed, Mary revealed that she had a feeling of hopelessness as she was unable to look after her younger grandchildren, worrying all the time and unable to sleep furthermore she felt like a burden to her family as they now had to do her housework and her weekly shop. Feelings of loss of energy were also described and a feeling of being isolated from her friends .As this attitude from a nurses perspective is not seen as a positive one the signs and symptoms of depression after stroke were researched. Stroke Association (2012) suggest that it is vital to seek help if four or more symptoms are present which include feeling worthless, avoiding people, feeling anxious or feeling blue and patients with long term conditions being more likely to develop depression, A Two Question Screening Tool was used which also determined that depression was a strong possibility NICE (2009) recommend a two question screen tool to determine who may have depression. These questions link to the key symptoms required for a diagnosis to be made and with both questions answered yes it meant things can be put in place to manage this. However this diagnosis for Mary and her family was hard to accept as she had felt like this for numerous years and nothing had been done about it. The nursing referral to GP for further screening in the community was put in place which has to include the diagnosed stage of depression which for this patient is mild disorder and the treatment and management needed. Then it is the GP’s responsibility to set up an active review which includes self help, cognitive behavioural therapy and exercise (CSIP 2006) NIMH (2011) suggest cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT ), a type of psychotherapy, or talk therapy, that helps people change negative thinking styles and behaviours that may contribute to their depression, from this as a nurse a recommendation of a day hospice was suggested to Mary, as similar patients from the nurses experience had thoroughly enjoyed there time visiting a hospice weekly. This form of empowerment allows Mary to take greater control over decisions and actions affecting her health facilitating choice, self care and self management. Using Gibbs model of reflection (1988) it was clear to me from a student nurse perspective that Marys psychological needs were not adequately addressed, as it took six years to pick up on this adjustment in her life the healthcare in this case was not acceptable. It was upsetting to observe the patient and her family feel frustrated that nothing was done as continuing health care in stroke is a primary need and stroke survivors are eligible for NHS funding for all the individuals assessed needs ( Department of Health 2009) In order to improve nursing the stroke patient the nursing role should involve preventative care which includes providing adequate information on stroke, risk factors and any lifestyle modifications, followed by curative care which involves accurate assessment’s, planned care that is person centred, physiological monitoring and risk assessment. Finally Rehabilitative/ promotive care which entails the carry on role (therapies), safe discharge planning and excellent communication with family/carers in which most of these steps should involve depression awareness and the importance of it as those people who have a Stroke and become depressed, failure to treat results is a less than optimal rehabilitation outcome (Stroke Recovery Association 2010). In addition to this nursing staff should aim to facilitate psychological adjustment and to support understanding of the emotions associated with recovery as the interaction of psychologists and nurses provides an opportunity to normalise patients’ reactions to post-stroke difficulties also they can exchange evidence-based and patient knowledge with each other (Vohora & Ogi 2008). In Mary’s case I found that this aspect of her care was dealt with very well as Mary found it a challenge to accept this change in her life the and nurses spent endless amounts of time and dedication to help Mary come to terms with her disabilities. It may be argued that staff nursing levels were a relating factor to Mary’s poor post stroke care, from working on a stroke unit previously the workload is very heavy and consists of many clinicians with appropriate levels of expertise in medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech- language pathology, social work and clinician nutrition. Additional disciplines may include pharmacy, (neuro) psychology and recreation therapy, however it is within the nurses role to ensure all of these clinicians see there patient. In which some cases this maybe missed therefore implementing higher staffing levels may avoid this and signs of Marys depression could have been picked up amongst all of the reviews. In 2005 Lankshear published a systematic review of international research since 1990 that looked at relationships between nurse staffing and patient outcomes. Across the 22 studies covered the report stated that, †[The results] strongly suggest that higher nurse staffing and richer skill mix (especially of registered nurses) are associated with improved patient outcomes, although the effect size cannot be estimated reliably (Royal College of Nursing 2010). This would also be applied when the patient returned to there own home as people who have had a stroke and their carers value continuity, being kept informed, being included and having a clear, consistent point of contact with all the clinicians and services available.(Department of Health 2007). Another implementation that could be put in place not only for Mary’s psychological needs but also her physical needs is that Stroke specialist professionals could be involved in application and review of eligibility for Continuing Health Care in the community so that complex or hidden post stroke deficits which may be missed by generic staff can be considered. This could be included in the six week, six month and annual stroke reviews, and form part of the joint health and social care plan. (Department of Health, 2009). With this put in place Mary’s fall may have been prevented and her home could have become safer for her earlier putting her family at ease and allowing Mary to become more independent and less reliant on help. If the situation arose again and these changes were implemented then Holistic care, which is essential in nursing skills would be successful taking into consideration the psychological, environmental and spiritual needs of the patient, as well as the physical so that people are treated as whole human beings and the impact of the illness on their quality of life is met.(Nursing Standard, 2011). To conclude the role of the nurse in the management of care delivery for the patient and their family is to share their skills and knowledge with patients and their carers, acting as a key resource and providing a route to other services and professionals ( DOH 2005). As a person centred approach was used on this admission for Mary and her family it was clear that she was discharged more aware of services available to her in the community and the care given was beneficial in her life long rehabilitation process, leaving the Multidisciplinary Team confident they have done all they can for the patients individual needs.

Television Does More Harm Than Good

Television does more harm than good When the TV was invented, it impressed the whole world, so everyone since then seeks to buy a one. In the past TV was only has less than ten channels and it were locked in the latest hours of night. But now there is thousands or millions of satellite channels are broadcasted on TV. As a result the number of TV owners has risen until 98% of American households have a TV set and the same is true of most developed countries.In fact, television channels should be boycotted by the public because most of these channels broadcast valueless programs and sometimes telecast programs that have a negative effect on the spectator and society, so television does more harm than good. Supporter of television argue that TV plays an important role in the educational field by presenting science, geography, history and news programs. It also presents useful programs for children like â€Å"Sesame Street†.However TV viewing is essentially a passive activity that discourage critical thinking as it shows one side of view and does not show the other opposing views, so this makes people use to fanatic for their opinions and do not listen to other points of view. As a result of continuous actions the watcher does not have much time to think of what he watch, so most viewers especially children watch television indiscriminately. Unfortunately this matter does not stop on that, there is a research suggests that TV can slow down young children's speech development.There is a link between literacy problems and frequent TV viewing; similarly there is a link between TV and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Those in favor of TV claim that, it is an innocent form of entertainment, especially for housebound elderly people and the physically handicapped. On the other hand television interferes with conversation, for example visitors often end up staring at â€Å"the box in the corner† instead of programs that spread fear and depression by focusing on violence, war, crime and various disasters.There is some evidence that seeing on-screen violence makes us less sensitive to the real thing. Proponents of TV sometimes suggest that TV makes the world a small village as it closes the gap between different nations and cultures, for example satellite TV news reaches people simultaneously all around the world, as result cultures approached from each other, so the understanding and respect rose between them.However the satellite channels are controlled by powerful western corporations and the culture of the programs is predominantly North America, European or Australian, so they service the interests of these corporations, as a result of that there is not an equal sharing of information, opinions or cultural expressions. Television is often used as a propaganda tool way to enter everyone's home and brain, so the powerful western corporations used it in a very subtle way to encourage materialism by developing a desire in developing cou ntries for Coca-Cola, Big Macs, fast cars and western fashion.In conclusion, television has become a tool in the hand of the western world by which they can control the rest world, so everyone should stop for seconds before switching on a TV and think of what he is coming to do, he must deduce that TV viewing accelerate the process of â€Å"Coca-colonization†, destroys the art of conversation, healthy, optimistic view of life and turns people into unthinking, illiterate â€Å"couch potatoes†. Just a drug addict must be fought in order to avoid an early death, so the world must switch off its TVs if it wishes to produce active and intelligent citizens.

The Woman Who Had Two Navels Essays

The Woman Who Had Two Navels Essays The Woman Who Had Two Navels Essay The Woman Who Had Two Navels Essay The summary of the The woman who had two navels the Spanish colonial period and the diverse heritage of the Filipino people. Often he deals with the coexistence of primitive and civilized dimensions inside the human psyche. In his short story The Summer Solstice, set in the 1850s, Joaquin portrayed the collision between instincts and refined culture. Dona Lupeng first rejects ancient beliefs, but under the spell of the moon, she becomes possessed by the spirit of the Tad tarin cult she does not want to be loved and respected anymore but adored as the embodiment of the matriarchal powers. Poet, fictionist, essayist, biographer, playwright, and National Artist, decided to quit after three years of secondary education at the Mapa High School. Classroom work simply bored him. He thought his teachers didnt know enough. He discovered that he could learn more by reading books on his own, and his fathers library had many of the books he cared to read. usually removed when a person is born. But it is not possible because if a person has two umbilical cords, he is a preternatural being a mutant. Connie, pretending that she has two navels may refer to the rebirths that she underwent. The first rebirth was escaping from her mothers evil clutches since she was an unwanted child always ostracized and continuously suffered from the ghosts of the past that haunted her. Let us not also forget her inability to deal with her life due to parental constrictions and the love affair of her husband Macho and her mother that made her feel miserable at some points in her life. The second rebirth refers to her awakening, herself realization and emancipation as a woman. She learned to face reality and accepted the truth. In my point of view, her reason why she pretended to have two navels is that she wanted to forget everything about her, to be different so that another personality will reside and dwell on her.

Michel Foucault Biography and Intellectual History

Michel Foucault Biography and Intellectual History Michel Foucault (1926-1984) was a French social theorist, philosopher, historian, and public intellectual who was politically and intellectually active until his death. He is remembered for his method of using historical research to illuminate changes in discourse over time, and the evolving relationships between discourse, knowledge, institutions, and power. Foucault’s work inspired sociologists in subfields including sociology of knowledge; gender, sexuality and queer theory; critical theory;  Ã‚  deviance and crime; and the sociology of education. His most well-known works include Discipline and Punish, The History of Sexuality, and The Archaeology of Knowledge. Early Life Paul-Michel Foucault was born to an upper-middle-class family in Poitiers, France in 1926. His father was a surgeon, and his mother, the daughter of a surgeon. Foucault attended Lycà ©e Henri-IV, one of the most competitive and demanding high schools in Paris. He recounted later in life a troubled relationship with his father, who bullied him for being â€Å"delinquent.† In 1948 he attempted suicide for the first time and was placed in a psychiatric hospital for a period. Both of these experiences seem tied to his homosexuality, as his psychiatrist believed his suicide attempt was motivated by his marginalized status in society. Both also seem to have shaped his intellectual development and focus on the discursive framing of deviance, sexuality, and madness. Intellectual and Political Development Following high school Foucault was admitted in 1946 to the École Normale Supà ©rieure (ENS), an elite secondary school in Paris founded to train and create French intellectual, political, and scientific leaders. Foucault studied with Jean Hyppolite, an existentialist expert on Hegel and Marx who firmly believed that philosophy should be developed through a study of history; and, with Louis Althusser, whose structuralist theory left a strong mark on sociology and was greatly influential to Foucault. At ENS Foucault read widely in philosophy, studying the works of Hegel, Marx, Kant, Husserl, Heidegger, and Gaston Bachelard. Althusser, steeped in the Marxist intellectual and political traditions, convinced his student to join the French Communist Party, but Foucaults experience of homophobia and incidences of anti-semitism within it turned him off. Foucault also rejected the class-centric focus of Marx’s theory, and never identified as a Marxist. He completed his studies at the ENS in 1951 and then began a doctorate in the philosophy of psychology. For the next several years he taught university courses in psychology while studying the works of Pavlov, Piaget, Jaspers, and Freud; and, he studied relationships between doctors and patients at Hà ´pital Sainte-Anne, where he had been a patient after his 1948 suicide attempt. During this time Foucault also read widely outside of psychology into shared interests with his long-term partner, Daniel Defert, which included works by Nietzsche, Marquis de Sade, Dostoyevsky, Kafka, and Genet. Following his first university post, he worked as a cultural diplomat at universities in Sweden and Poland while completing his doctoral thesis. Foucault completed his thesis, titled â€Å"Madness and Insanity: History of Madness in the Classical Age,† in 1961. Drawing on the work of Durkheim and Margaret Mead, in addition to all of those listed above, he argued that madness was a social construct that originated in medical institutions, that it was distinct from true mental illness, and a tool of social control and power. Published in abridged form as his first book of note in 1964, Madness and Civilization is considered a work of structuralism, strongly influenced by his teacher at ENS, Louis Althusser. This, along with his next two books, The Birth of the Clinic and The Order of Things showcase his historiographical method known as â€Å"archaeology,† which he also used in his later books, The Archaeology of Knowledge, Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality. From the 1960s on Foucault held a variety of lectureships and professorships at universities around the world, including the University of California-Berkeley, New York University, and the University of Vermont. During these decades Foucault became known as an engaged public intellectual and activist on behalf of social justice issues, including racism, human rights, and prison reform. He was very popular with his students, and his lectures given after his induction into the Collà ¨ge de France were considered highlights of intellectual life in Paris, and always packed. Intellectual Legacy Foucaults key intellectual contribution was  his deft ability to illustrate that institutionslike science, medicine, and the penal systemthrough the use of discourse, create subject categories for people to inhabit, and turn people into objects of scrutiny and of knowledge. Thus, he argued, those who control institutions and their discourses wield power in society, because they shape the trajectories and outcomes of peoples lives. Foucault also demonstrated in his work that the creation of subject and object categories is premised on hierarchies of power among people, and in turn, hierarchies of knowledge, whereby the knowledge of the powerful is considered legitimate and right, and that of the less powerful is considered invalid and wrong. Importantly, though, he emphasized that power is not held by individuals, but that it courses  through society, lives in institutions, and is accessible to those who control institutions and the creation of knowledge. He thus considered knowledge and power inseparable, and denoted them as one concept, knowledge/power. Foucault is one of the most widely read and frequently cited scholars in the world.

The news' topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The news' topic - Essay Example American citizens also suffer from it. â€Å"Pollution from  China  travels in large quantities across the Pacific Ocean to the  United States, a new study has found, making environmental and health problems unexpected side effects of U.S. demand for cheap  China-manufactured goods† (Pollution From China Is Hitting Americas West Coast). This testifies that China should take serious measures, which should be directed at the reducing emission. The question is that who is responsible for pollution made by one country, while it is working for another country’s benefit: â€Å"international cooperation to reduce transboundary transport of air pollution must confront the question of who is responsible for emissions in one country during production of goods to support consumption in another† (cited in Pollution From China Is Hitting Americas West Coast). The only way out is the international cooperation directed at reducing emissions, which cause air pollution in China. Unfortunately, as it is stated in the article, the efforts were already made, but appeared to be

Gender Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender Stereotypes - Essay Example If the husband has an understanding towards wife then disputes never occurs but if the husbands are adamant and of dominating temperament then the wife is not of docile kind then conflicts arise in the family leading to the disturbed family lives for both the partners finally leading to separation or divorce. Q. Is the husband still expected to be the head of the household If so, explain what roles the husband will be in charge of as the head of the household. If not, explain the distribution of roles within the home. In majority of the families husbands are still considered to be the head of the family and every member of the family has to follow his commands, but with changing trends, awareness and education husbands are also contributing their efforts in helping the spouse and in raring the children, like picking the children from school, bringing household articles from the market, helping wife in kitchen and other household work, devoting time for the family, helpin

Adidas Marketing Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adidas Marketing Project - Essay Example The tutor commented that she did not require the group members to give definitions for the 4 Ps in marketing but rather give marketing objectives and how to carry out promotions. She said the group should work towards giving more details about promotions and be objective in the presentation. Group members worked on the comments and included the details that and earlier been excluded so as to provide more details about promotions and marketing objectives. The course work imparted marketing research skills and knowledge on how to design and write posters. Under the 4 Ps, the paper looked into pricing, promotions, place, and the product. It also touched a little bit on the other 4 Ps but not deeply. The work had several advantages which included more details about 4 Ps, good poster design and structure and thus easy to understand. Any marketing executive would be impressed by the quality of the poster as it was highly informative and communicated effectively and efficiently. The disadvantage in the findings included a lack of market share which was very evident from the data used. The second disadvantage is that data used was neither current nor recent. The data used was three years old and thus did not give a true representation of the current marketing situation. Some of the most important factors were the product itself and the pricing strategies. These two factors are highly considered when developing a marketing plan. A product will be successful in the market if it is of good quality and its price is competitive.